Bipolar Disorder in the Life Span of Females: Treatment Implications
Keywords:
BPAD (bipolar affective disorders; females; pregnancy; lactationAbstract
Given the fact that bipolar disease affects both men and women, special care must be taken while treating a woman over the course of her life. Bipolar disorder is a serious and debilitating illness that affects about 5% of women. In most women, the first sign of sickness is a depressive episode. Greater axis-one comorbidity, more depressive episodes, quicker cycling, and mixed affective states have all been linked to female gender. Treatment of bipolar disorder during reproductive events necessitates special consideration. More research is needed to better understand the disorder's course, outcome, and gender-specific treatment options.
Downloads
References
Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic Depressive Illness: Bipolar disorders and Recurrent Depression. 2nd ed. NewYork: Oxford University Press; 2007.
Diagnostic criteria from DSM-IV-TR (4th Edition). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, USA (2000).
Bebbington P, Ramana P. The epidemiology of bipolar affective disorder. Soc Psychatry Psychiatr
Epidemiol. 1995; 30:279–292.
Hirschfeld RM, Calabrese JR, Weissman MM. Lifetime prevalence of bipolar I and II disorders
in the United States. Paper presented at the 155th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric
Association; Philadelphia, PA. May, Spring, 2002;
Judd LL, Akiskal HS. The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US
population: Re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases. J Affect
Disord. 2003; 73:123–131.
Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Suicide in Manic-Depressive Disorder. New York, NY: Oxford
University Press; 1990. p. 227-244.
Benazzi F. Gender differences in bipolar II and unipolar depressed outpatients: A 557-case study.
Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1999; 11:55–59.
Curtis V: Women are not the same as men: specific clinical issues for female patients
with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2005; 7(Suppl. 1): 16–24.
Women’s reproductive mental health across the lifespan edition-1,switzerland,Springer charm,2014,Barnes
Cohen A. Site Visits. Updates on Global Mental and Social Health. 2007; 2:1
Belle D. Poverty and Women’s Mental Health. American Psychologist. 2009; 45:385-89
Brown G W, Bhrolchain M, Harris T. Social Class and Psychiatric Disturbance among Women in an Urban Population. Sociology. 2005; 9:225-257.
Alloy L B, Abramson L Y, Neeren A M, Walshaw P D, Urosevic S, Nusslock R. (in press). Psychosocial risk factors for bipolar disorder: Current and early environment and cognitive styles. In S. Jones, & R. Bentall (Eds.), The psychology of bipolar disorder: New developments and research strategies. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Post RM, Leverich GS, Altshuler LL, et al. An overview of recent findings of the Stanley
Foundation Bipolar Network (Part I). Bipolar Disorders. 2003; 5:310–19.
McElroy SL, Altshuler L, Suppes T, et al. Axis I psychiatric comorbidity and its relationship to historical illness variables in 288 patients with bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001; 158:420– 26.
Leverich GS, McElroy SL, Suppes T, et al. Early physical and sexual abuse associated with an
adverse course of bipolar illness. Biol Psychiatry. 2002; 51:288–97.
Frye MA, Altshuler L, McElroy SL, et al. Gender differences in prevalence, risk, and clinical
correlates of alcoholism comorbidity in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2003; 160:883–889.
Salloum IM, Cornelius JR, Mezzich JE, Kirisci L, Daley DC, Spotts CR, Zuckoff A.
Characterizing female bipolar alcoholic patients presenting for initial evaluation. Addictive
Behaviors. 2001; 26:341–8.
Cole D, Thase M, Mallinger A, et al. Slower treatment response in bipolar depression predicted by lower pretreatment thyroid function. Am J Psychiatry. 2002; 159:116–21.
Kupka RW, Nolen WA, Post RM, et al. High rate of autoimmune thyroiditis in bipolar disorder: Lack of association with lithium exposure. Biol Psychiatry. 2002; 51:305–11
Joffe H, Hall JE, Cohen LS, Taylor AE, Baldessarini RJ. A putative relationship between valproic acid and polycystic ovarian syndrome: implications for treatment of women with seizure and bipolar disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2003; 11:99–108.
McIntyre RS, Mancini DA, McCann S, Srinivasan J, Kennedy SH. Valproate, bipolar disorder and
polycystic ovarian syndrome. Bipolar Disord. 2003; 5:28–35.
Regenold WT, Thapar RK, Marano C, Gavirneni S, Kondapavuluru PV. Increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among psychiatric in patients with bipolar I affective and schizoaffective disorders independent of psychotropic drug use. J Affect Disord. 2002; 70:19–26.
Cassidy F, Ahearn E, Carroll BJ. Elevated frequency of diabetes mellitus in hospitalized manic depressive patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1999; 156:1417–20.
Mahmood T, Roman S, Silverstone T. Prevalence of migraine in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 1999; 52:239–41.
Fasmer OB. The prevalence of migraine in patients with bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. Cephalagia. 2001; 21:894–99.
Low NCP, DuFort GG, Cervantes P. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and treatment of migraine in bipolar disorder. Headache. 2003; 43:940–49.
Ickovics JR, Hamburger ME, Vlahov D, Schoenbaum EE, Schuman P, Boland RJ, Moore J.
Mortality, CD4 cell count decline, and depressive symptoms among HIV-seropositive women.
HIV Epidemiology Research Study Group. JAMA. 2001; 285:1466–1474.
Cruess DG, Evans DL, Repetto MJ, Gettes D, Douglas SD, Petitto JM. Prevalence, diagnosis, and pharmacological treatment of mood disorders in HIV disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2003; 54:307–16.
Joynt KE, Whellan DJ, O’Connor CM. Depression and cardiovascular disease: Mechanisms of
interactions. Biol Psychiatry. 2003; 54:388–98.
Robinson RG. Poststroke depression: prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and disease progression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003; 54:376–87.
British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum 2017 https://www.bap.org.uk/pdfs/BAP_Guidelines-Perinatal.pdf
Grof P, Robbins W, Alda M. Protective effect of pregnancy in women with lithium-responsive bipolar disorder. Primary Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;3(2):8
Di Florio A, Forty L, Gordon-Smith K, Heron J, Jones L, Craddock N, Jones I. Perinatal episodes across the mood disorder spectrum. JAMA psychiatry. 2013;70(2):168–75.
Di Florio A, Gordon-Smith K, Forty L, et al: Stratification of the risk of bipolar disorder recurrences in pregnancy and postpartum. Br J Psychiatry 2018; 213:542–547.
Viguera AC, Whitfield T, Baldessarini RJ, Newport DJ, Stowe Z, Reminick A, Zurick A, Cohen LS. Risk of recurrence in women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy: prospective study of mood stabilizer discontinuation. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007 Dec;164(12):1817-24.
Bodén R, Lundgren M, Brandt L, et al: Risks of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes in women treated or not treated with mood stabilisers for bipolar disorder: population based cohort study. BMJ 2012; 345:e7085
Grof P, Robbins W, Alda M, Berghoefer A, Vojtechovsky M, Nilsson A, Robertson C. Protective effect of pregnancy in women with lithium responsive bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2000;61(1–2):31–9.
Nelson AM. Transition to motherhood. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2003;32(4):465.
Schou M, Goldfield MD, Weinstein MR, et al: Lithium and pregnancy: I. Report from the register of lithium babies. BMJ 1973; 2: 135–136 .
Holmes L B,Harvey E A, Coull B A, Hutington K B, Khosbin S, Hayes A M,Ryan L M. The teratogenicity of anticonvulsant drugs. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1132–8.
Leinkens K A,Cooke M J,Schweder L J,Harboe I,Hoie B. ECT during pregnancy: A systematic review of case studies. Arch Womens Ment Health.2015;18(1):1-39.
Shah N,Grover S, Rao G P.Clinical practice guidelines for management of bipolar disorder. Indian J Psychiatry.2017;59 (Suppl 1):S51-S66.
Silverman M E,Reichenberg A, Savitz D A,Cnattinguis S, Lichtenstien P, Hultman C M,Larsson H,Sandi S. The risk factors for post partum depression: A population based study. Depress Anxiety.2017;34(2):178-187.
Grover S, Avasthi A. Mood stabilizers in pregnancy and lactation. Indian J Psychiatry.2015 ;Suppl2:S308-S323.
Kessing LV,Vradi E,Andersen P A. Life expectancy in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord.2015;17(5):543-8.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Dr. Samia Ansari, Mona Srivastava
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
