Whispering Machines: Potential Mental Health Risks of AI Chatbots
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Copyright (c) 2026 Uttam Chandra Garg

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Distinguished colleagues, fellow psychiatrists, and members of our profession:Abstract
Today, we stand at an extraordinary precipice in medicine. The pace at which this technology is diffusing in daily life, and a meaningful change is descending upon the very fabric of human cognition, has perhaps never before been observed. Something that began as an experimental computational project has now become ubiquitous, embedded in our devices, search engines, messaging platforms, our daily language, and increasingly, the emotional lives of our patients.
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1. HAI Stanford. Exploring the Dangers of AI in Mental Health Care [Internet]. Stanford Human-Centered AI; 2025. Available from: https://hai.stanford.edu/news/exploring-the-dangers-of-ai-in-mental-health-care 2. Phang J, Lan A, Yuan A, Seligman M, Heffner J. Investigating affective use and emotional well-being on ChatGPT [Internet]. 2025. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2501.05073 3. Golden A, Aboujaoude E. A transdiagnostic model for how general purpose AI chatbots can perpetuate OCD and anxiety disorders. Npj Digit Med. 2026. 4. Chandra K, Kleiman-Weiner M, Tenenbaum JB. Sycophantic Chatbots Cause Delusional Spiraling, Even in Ideal Bayesians. arXiv. 2026. 5. Dohnány S, Kurth-Nelson Z, Spens E, Luettgau L, Reid A, Gabriel I, et al. Technological folie à deux: Feedback loops between AI chatbots and mental illness [Internet]. 2025. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2507.19218 6. Morrin H, Nicholls L, Levin M, Yiend J, Iyengar U, DelGiudice F, et al. Delusions by design? How everyday AIs might be fuelling psychosis (and what can be done about it) [Internet]. 2025. doi:10.31234/osf.io/cmy7n_v5 7. Dupre MH, Tangermann V. Preliminary report on chatbot iatrogenic dangers. Psychiatr Times [Internet]. 2025. Available from: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/preliminary-report-on-chatbot-iatrogenic-dangers 8. American Psychological Association. Health Advisory: Use of Generative AI Chatbots and Wellness Applications for Mental Health [Internet]. American Psychological Association; 2025 Nov [cited 2026 May 2]. Available from: https://www.apa.org/topics/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning/health-advisory-chatbots-wellness-apps
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