Air pollution and mental health in India: A Neglected Public Health Crisis

Abstract

Air pollution is among the leading risk factors for mortality globally, comparable to tobacco use and unhealthy diet with a substantial number of premature deaths, approximately 4 million, are attributed to air pollution as recognised by the World Health Organisation (WHO).  Air pollution encompasses a wide range of particulate matters, including PM2.5; diameter ≤2.5 µm is considered particularly harmful due to its ability to penetrate deep into the respiratory system, while ultrafine particulate matter (PM <0.1 µm) can enter the bloodstream and affect multiple organ systems, including the central nervous system, exerting neurotoxic effects. These have affect on the both physical and mental health of an individual. While the physical attributes are well studied, the psychiatric aspects of it are usually hidden. We tried to discuss the mental health consequences of air pollution by conducting a review of pertinent literature that looked at the neurobiological processes and epidemiological connections between air pollution and mental health outcomes and the possible underlying mechanisms for it. We found air pollution, especially PM2.5 and ultrafine particles, to be associated with increased risk of depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and reduced psychological well-being. We also focussed on the vulnerable populations, like children, pregnant females and elderly that are more prone to its consequences. Certain measures to combat this problem are also discussed focussing on a multidisciplinary approach integrating environmental policy, public health interventions, and psychiatric research to adddress the psychological consequences of pollution exposure.